INFLUENCE OF CARBON, TITANIUM, AND RARE EARTH METALS ON THE SCALE RESISTANCE OF CHROMIUM-ALUMINUM STEELS
Procesi littâ, 2025, Vol 3 (161), 42-51
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2025.03.042Keywords:
chromium-aluminum steels, scale resistance, titanium, carbon, protective oxide film, chemical composition, structureAbstract
The paper investigates the influence of carbon, titanium, and rare earth metals (REMs) on the scale resistance of chromium-aluminum steels used for manufacturing cast components operating under high-temperature conditions. Particular attention is paid to the role of carbon, which forms carbides with chromium, reducing its concentration in the solid solution and impairing the formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer. At the same time, it was found that the addition of titanium helps to mitigate this negative effect due to the formation of TiC carbides, which prevent chromium from bonding into carbides. The studies showed that titanium oxides and spinels participate in the formation of a protective scale with increased adhesion and reduced iron diffusion. The titanium content in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 % was found to be optimal for improving scale resistance at a carbon concentration of 0.25-0.30 %, which ensures chromium retention in the solid solution and promotes the formation of a homogeneous fine-grained structure. Increasing the titanium content above 0.6 % leads to the formation of titanium carbide colonies, which deteriorates structural homogeneity and reduces the special properties of the steel. The effect of REMs on the scale resistance of C0.3Cr30Al2T0.2L steel was analyzed. The addition of ferrocerium in the range of 0.30-0.35 % improves the oxide film’s resistance to spalling and thermal stresses. However, exceeding the REM concentration beyond 0.5 % results in grain coarsening, deterioration of mechanical properties, and increased susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. Scale resistance tests at 1200 and 1300 °C for 500 hours confirmed the reduction of mass losses in specimens with optimal alloying element content. It was established that increasing the temperature impairs the protective properties of the scale, but within the recommended compositions, chromium-aluminum steels maintain high scale resistance, making them suitable for long-term operation.The results obtained make it possible to optimize the chemical composition of steels to enhance their scale resistance without losing processability and mechanical strength, which is a relevant task in the field of high-temperature materials development.
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